måndag, maj 07, 2012

Skolverket visar att föräldrarnas bakgrund inte har medfört mera ojämlikhet

Trots att skolan under lång tid har har sorterat ut de mer begåvade för vidare högre utbildning har dessa som föräldrar inte lyckats öka sina barns betygsnivåer jämfört med barn från lågutbildade familjer. Den svenska skolan lyckas fortfarande kompensera lika mycket som tidigare för nackdelen att ha lågutbildade föräldrar.

En vanlig uppfattning i skoldebatten är att föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå tenderar att öka skillnaderna i betygsnivå mellan elever från hem med lägre föräldrautbildning och dem från hem med högre utbildning. I torsdags 3/5-12 gick Lärarnas Riksförbund ut med en utredning som presenterades med slutsatsen att skolan blivit alltmer ojämlik 1999-2011 (bloggart). Skillnaden mellan de sämsta och bästa eleverna  skulle ha ökat med mer än 30 procent och en avsevärd del skulle ha orsakats av större genomslag från föräldrarnas bakgrund.

Att skillnaderna ökat med 30 procent visade sig vara felaktigt. Och från siffrorna i utredningens bilaga kunde man utläsa att föräldrabakgrunden för vanliga elever inte hade någon egentlig effekt. De aktuella percentilerna visade t o m  en liten relativ förbättring för arbetarhushåll jämfört med akademikerhushåll (bart 5/5-12). Den 4/5 kom en rapport från Skolverket som bekräftar att föräldrarnas bakgrund inte har orsakat några påtagligt större skillnader i betygsnivåerna generellt 1998-2011 (pdf). Detta framgår av nedanstående diagram:


Högutbildade föräldrars effekt på betygsnivån hos barnen

Skolverket beskriver resultatet: "Den standardiserade effekten av högutbildade föräldrar visar på en svag uppgång mellan 1998 och 2001 men som sedan sakta avtar. Sett över hela tidsperioden har det inte skett mer än marginella förändringar."

Därefter prövar man andra statistikkällor för att ändå försöka få fram en ökning av ojämlikheten. Men resultaten förändras inte nämnvärt. En undersökning från PISA visar dock att förmågan till läsförståelse har ökat för barn från familjer med högre socialt kapital mellan åren 2000 och 2009. I PISA används ett index för att mäta elevernas socioekonomiska bakgrund, ESCS (PISA index for Economic, Social and Cultural Status), som förutom föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå även innehåller uppgifter om antal böcker i hemmet och andra mått på både kulturellt och ekonomiskt kapital.

Mot bakgrund av att det varje år sker en viss utsortering av teoretiska begåvningar från gruppen av elever från hem med låg utbildning hos föräldrarna kommer färre och färre teoretiskt begåvade föräldrar att finnas kvar i hem med föräldrar med låg utbildning. De begåvade blir helt enkelt föräldrar med högre utbildning. Så var inte fallet tidigare när studiesociala förhållanden hindrade många teoretiskt begåvade att skaffa sig en högre utbildning.  Det är ytterst föräldrarnas begåvning, som t ex yttrar sig i antalet böcker i hemmet, som avgör barnens framgångar i skolan enligt det synsätt som är förhärskande.

Men olika begåvade föräldrars påverkan kan kompenseras av skolan. Trots att begåvningsskillnaderna hos föräldrarna rimligtvis har ökat genom den utsortering som sker genom förbättrade studiesociala villkor har skolan ändå lyckats kompensera för detta så att någon ökande "ojämlikhet" inte kan noteras. Är inte detta något som Lärarnas Riksförbund och andra skolpolitiska aktivister borde glädja sig åt? Varför vill de så gärna frammana en felaktig bild av större skillnader? Tids nog måste de dyka upp. Det är ju själva avsikten med en ekonomiskt jämlik utbildning som enbart låter meriteringsförmågan avgöra.


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At 08 maj, 2012 10:49, Blogger Errbe said...

PRAKTISK BEGÅVNING NEGLIGERAS

Skolans stora problem är att den inte lyfts från 30-talets betraktelse av "begåvning", d.v.s. teoretisk begåvning.

Då hade varje unge erfarenhet av praktiska göromål. De hade jobbat i jordbruket eller varit med sin pappa på jobbet som murare, snickare, smed eller sågverksanställd. Jag var själv med flera skolkamrater på besök hos deras pappor på jobben. När något bygge var igång i trakten sprang ungar jämt där. De var inte instängda bakom staket på den tiden.

Då kompletterade skolan med teoretiska kunskaper.

Idag är läget det motsatta. På fritiden får ungarna lära sig en mängd abstrakta förhållanden. De behärskar sin mobil vid fem års ålder. Men de får aldrig se ett spett användas. De hålls instängda bakom staket i skolor utan kontakt med föräldrarnas arbeten. Dessa är oftast också teoretiska.

Barn med praktisk begåvning känner sig otillfredsställda i dagens skola. Somliga så mýcket att de spårar ur.

Observera: De är också begåvade !

Jag har haft flera anställda med hög intelligens avseende logik och rymduppfattning, men med urusla skolbetyg. De var skickliga konstruktörer, som ibland gått vägen från svetsare, svarvare och montör, så att de hade egen erfarenhet av hur tillverkningen går till. Det var ovärderligt.

Praktisk begåvning måste också erkännas.

 
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